This study examines early mapping of complex DPs in prepositional relative clauses with for/to (‘para’), i.e. attributing the thematic role of beneficiary. The main question is whether the standard variant for this type of relative clauses in Brazilian Portuguese (with preposition) as compared to the non-standard chopped variant (without a preposition) allows for early referent mapping, given the possibility of incremental integration of preceding contextual visual and linguistic information. A picture matching experiment was applied to 41 speakers of the standard variety of BP. Preceding visual and auditory linguistic context was presented in which a character participated in two distinct events (one event presented with a di-transitive verb and another presented with a transitive verb), involving distinct co-participants. We aimed to verify whether the presentation of a standard variant probe question, with the preposition, immediately following the visual and linguistic contextual scenes would benefit early identification of the referent expressed in the complex DP, compared to a non-standard prepositionless (chopped variant) probe question. Accuracy and Reaction Time (RT) with regards to the picture matching task were the dependent variables. We also intended to examine the influence of knowledge of standard grammar as well as verbal working memory on task performance. Participants were asked to try and click on the image matching the probe sentence containing the relative clause as soon as possible. Our results did not reveal any advantage for the use of the standard prepositional relative clause compared to the non-standard version in terms of referent anticipation. However, accuracy of image selection was significantly higher for standard relative clauses. Higher scores in the standard grammar test and the reading span test were positively correlated to RT(s) as well as accuracy (for the non-standard relative clause). Relative clause complexity, possible ambiguity of the non-standard chopped relative clauses and the limited sensitivity of the task in detecting potential early mapping are all factors that seem to affect the results.

Este estudo investiga, particularmente, o mapeamento antecipado do referente de um DP complexo, apresentando uma oração relativa preposicionada com para, ou seja, com papel temático de beneficiário. Explora-se a contribuição que o tipo de estratégia relativa utilizada (padrão ou cortadora) pode trazer para a antecipação do referente, dada a possibilidade de integração incremental de informação contextual visual e linguística precedente. Em um experimento de seleção de imagem, aplicado a 41 participantes, falantes cultos de português do Brasil, a ser reportado, apresentaram-se contextos visuais e linguísticos auditivos prévios em que um personagem participa de dois eventos distintos (um evento apresentado com verbo bitransitivo e um evento apresentado com verbo transitivo), envolvendo coparticipantes distintas. Busca-se verificar em que medida o uso, na sentença-teste auditiva, que segue os preâmbulos discursivos e visuais, de uma estratégia padrão da língua, na qual a preposição aparece precedendo o pronome relativo, poderia favorecer a antecipação do referente do DP complexo, em comparação à estratégia cortadora, em que a preposição não está presente. Empregou-se uma tarefa de correspondência sentença-gravura na qual a acurácia e o tempo de resposta foram considerados como variáveis dependentes. Ademais, objetivou-se verificar a influência de conhecimento de norma padrão e de memória de trabalho verbal no desempenho da tarefa. Solicita-se que tentem clicar o mais rápido possível na imagem descrita pela sentença contendo a relativa. Nossos resultados não indicaram uma vantagem do uso da relativa padrão sobre a cortadora para a antecipação do referente do DP complexo. No entanto, a acurácia da seleção da imagem foi significativamente melhor para esse tipo de relativa. Melhor desempenho no teste normativo e no teste de reading span foi associado a TRs mais rápidos e maior acurácia na relativa cortadora. Fatores que parecem influenciar esse quadro são complexidade da estrutura relativa, possível ambiguidade da relativa cortadora e a sensibilidade limitada do teste para flagrar essa possível antecipação.

Abstract Long-term trends of length and mean age at sexual maturity (MLSM and MASM) of female Patagonian hoki Macruronus magellanicus (2001 to 2019) and southern hake Merluccius australis (1989 to 2019) were analyzed in overexploited stocks from the Outer Sea (OS) and Inner Sea (IS) of Chilean Patagonia. The study of the samples was performed by microscopic analysis of the gonads and part of them were analyzed histologically, together with fish otoliths readings. MLSM and MASM were calculated using a generalized linear model. MLSM of hoki in the OS experienced large annual fluctuations, with a difference of 16.2 cm between extreme values. MLSM was 55.3 cm in 2001 and 44.1 cm in 2019. MASM ranged between 2.9 and 4.4 years. In the IS (only one year sampled) precocious maturation was found in females between 32 cm and 35 cm total length (TL). MLSM of southern hake was rather stable within a range of 5.5 cm, from 73.5 cm TL in 1989 to 73.9 cm in 2019. MASM ranged between 10.4 and 11.6 years. MLSM in the IS was 4.5 cm TL lower than in the OS in the three years of sampling. Life history information of these species suggests that favorable environmental conditions in the IS allow them to reach MLSM earlier than in the OS.

Resumen Se analizó la tendencia a largo plazo de la longitud y edad media de madurez sexual (MLSM y MASM) de hembras de merluza de cola Macruronus magellanicus (2001 a 2019) y de merluza del sur Merluccius australis (1989 a 2019), en stocks sobrexplotados del Mar Exterior (OS) y Mar Interior (IS) de la Patagonia chilena. El estudio de las muestras se realizó mediante el análisis microscópico de las gónadas y parte de ellas se examinó histológicamente, junto con la lectura de otolitos. La MLSM y MASM se calcularon con un modelo lineal generalizado. La MLSM de la merluza de cola en el OS experimentó grandes fluctuaciones interanuales, con una diferencia de 16,2 cm entre los valores extremos, desde 55,3 cm longitud total (TL) en 2001 hasta 44,1 cm en 2019. El rango de la MASM fue entre 2,9 y 4,4 años. En el único año muestreado en el IS, se determinó maduración precoz en merluza de cola entre 32 y 35 cm TL. La MLSM en la merluza del sur mostró estabilidad dentro de un rango 5,1 cm, desde 73,5 cm TL en 1989 hasta 73,9 cm en 2019. La MASM presentó un rango desde 10,4 a 11,6 años. En los tres años muestreados en el IS, la MLSM fue menor en 4,5 cm TL al comparar con el OS. La información disponible sobre la historia de vida de estas especies sugiere que las favorables condiciones ambientales en el IS les permitirían alcanzar más tempranamente la MLSM que en el OS.

Abstract: The razor surgeonfish, Prionurus laticlavius, listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species under the Least Concern category, plays an important ecological role as energy regulator in reef communities, but it is sought by the aquarium and aquaculture industry, and also is consumed by people. This study estimated the length-weight relationship (LWR) and relative condition factor (K rel ) in P. laticlavius. The equation for length-weight relationship was TW= 0.02 TL 3.01 for the Overall category, and the relative condition factor was 1.28. A total of 379 fish (3-45.6 cm total length) were collected in the southwestern coast of the Gulf of California using harpoon (for large fishes) and hand net (for small fishes), of which 181 were females (20.2-45.6 cm), 137 males (20.6-43.4 cm), and 61 juveniles (3-19.5 cm). Allometric coefficient b of LWR for the Overall category suggested isometric growth (b = 3.01), positive allometric growth for juveniles (b = 3.14), and negative allometric growth for adults (2.75). Results of K rel showed higher values for females during the warm season. The population showed a good nutritional condition, mainly in the warm season. This work is the first to estimate LWR and K rel for P. laticlavius, which will inform stock assessment and the management of this species in the Gulf of California.

Resumen Introducción: Existe un incremento de las infecciones por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos (KPRC) en la población pediátrica y los datos epidemiológicos son limitados. Objetivos: Conocer la frecuencia de KPRC en pacientes pediátricos, determinar la actividad in vitro de colistina y detectar el gen mcr-1 en dichos aislados. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 220 aislados de K. pneumoniae en un hospital pediátrico durante los años 2018 y 2019. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó por microdilución en caldo según CLSI y EUCAST. Los genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 y mcr-1 se analizaron mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC). Resultados: El 9,5% (n: 21) de los aislados fueron caracterizados como KPRC, donde se observó una resistencia a colistina de 47,6% (10/21) con valores de CIM50 de 2 μg/mL y CIM90 de > 4 μg/mL. En todos los aislados de KPRC se caracterizó el gen blaKPC y no se detectó el gen mcr-1. El perfil de resistencia observado en otros antimicrobianos fue el siguiente: gentamicina 100% (n: 21), ciprofloxacina 100% (n: 21), cotrimoxazol 100% (n: 21) y amikacina 19% (n: 4). Se observó 100% de sensibilidad a tigeciclina y ceftazidima/avibactam. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra un valor significativo de la resistencia a colistina en comparación a ceftazidima/avibactam y tigeciclina.

Abstract Background: There is an increase of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections in the pediatric population and epidemiological data are limited. Aim: To calculate the frequency of CRKP in pediatric patients, to determine the in vitro activity of colistin and to detect the presence of mcr-1 gene in said isolates. Methods: 220 isolates of K. pneumoniae were studied in a pediatric hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by microdilution in broth according to guidelines of CLSI and EUCAST. The genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 and mcr-1 were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 9.5% (n: 21) of the isolates were characterized as CRKP, where was observed a resistance to colistin of 47.6% (10/21) with values of MIC50 of 2 μg/mL and MIC90 of ≥ 4 μg/mL. In 100% of CRKP strains the blaKPC gene was detected and the mcr-1 gene was not found. The resistance profile to other antimicrobials was as follow: gentamicin 100% (n: 21), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 100% (n: 21), ciprofloxacin 100% (n: 21), amikacin 19% (n: 4). All of the isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime/avibactam and tigecycline. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant value of resistance to colistin in pediatric patients compared to other last line antimicrobial such as ceftazidime/avibactam and tigecycline.

Abstract Secondary metabolites present in plants have shown diverse biological properties, mainly the alkaloid group, which have been investigated for their fungicidal activity, capable of replacing synthetic products. The species of the Jatropha genus have been studied for their wide variety of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial potential, becoming relevant in the search for new control alternatives against fungi with clinical and food importance such as Aspergillus parasiticus, considered as one of the main aflatoxin producer-species. In this work, the presence of alkaloids in Jatropha platyphylla was first identified by high-resolution thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and the inhibitory activity of methanolic extracts and alkaloids was evaluated, at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL, on the radial growth of A. parasiticus. In addition, germination was determined from the IC50 of the treatments. A higher activity of the alkaloids was detected at 2 mg/mL, with 80 % inhibition at 48 h (P<0.05), with an IC50 of 2.7 mg/mL. These results show the alkaloids of the methanolic extract of J. platyphylla leaf as possible alternative treatment to the control of A. parasiticus.

Resumen Los metabolitos secundarios presentes en plantas han demostrado ejercer diversas propiedades biológicas, principalmente el grupo de alcaloides, los cuales han sido investigados por su actividad fungicida, capaz de reemplazar a los productos sintéticos. Las especies del género Jatropha han sido estudiadas por su amplia variedad de metabolitos secundarios con potencial antimicrobiano, siendo relevantes en la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas al control de hongos de importancia clínica y alimentaria como Aspergillus parasiticus, considerado como una de las principales especies de hongos productores de aflatoxinas. En el presente trabajo se identificó por primera vez por cromatografía en capa fina de alta resolución (HPTLC) la presencia de alcaloides en Jatropha platyphylla y se evaluó la actividad inhibitoria de los extractos metanólicos y alcaloides, a concentraciones de 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1 y 2 mg/mL, sobre el crecimiento radial de A. parasiticus. Además se determinó su germinación a partir de la CI50 de los tratamientos. Se observó una mayor actividad de los alcaloides a 2 mg/mL, con el 80 % de inhibición a las 48 h (P< 0,05), con una CI50 de 2.7 mg/mL. Estos resultados evidencian a los alcaloides del extracto metanólico de hoja de J. platyphylla como posible tratamiento alternativo para el control de A. parasiticus.

Resumen Los derrames de petróleo constituyen una fuente importante de perturbación de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos de aguas continentales. Sin embargo, los estudios referentes a estas perturbaciones en las regiones tropicales, y particularmente en el Neotrópico, son limitados. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los efectos de un derrame de 11 700 barriles de petróleo en las comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentónicos de los ríos Santa Rosa, Quijos y Coca, amazonia ecuatoriana, mediante el uso de índices bióticos, variables de calidad de agua y sedimentos, tanto en sitios impactados como en sitios de referencia en los años 2011 y 2012. Las correlaciones de Spearman establecieron relaciones negativas significativas (p < 0.05) entre la variable “hidrocarburos totales de petróleo” y los taxa Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (índice EPT), Trichoptera, y la familia Elmidae. Se estableció una relación inversa entre el índice SIGNAL2 con los hidrocarburos totales de petróleo. El procedimiento de permutación de respuesta múltiple determinó una diferencia entre las comunidades de macroinvertebrados de estaciones de referencia e impactadas del año 2011, y entre las comunidades de macroinvertebrados de estaciones de referencia año 2011 y estaciones impactadas año 2012. El escalamiento multidimensional no-métrico implicó usar tres dimensiones, en el cual el eje dos estuvo mejor relacionado con los hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (r = 0.45). Estos resultados sugieren que factores distintos a hidrocarburos totales de petróleo son los responsables de la composición heterogénea de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados.

Abstract Oil spills are a major source of disturbance to benthic macroinvertebrates from inland waters. However, studies regarding these disturbances in tropical regions, and particularly in the Neotropics, are limited. This study evaluates the effects of a 11,700-barrel heavy crude oil spill on the benthic macroinvertebrate community of Santa Rosa, Quijos and Coca rivers, Ecuadorian Amazon. The evaluation used a biotic index and water quality and sediments variables, both in the impacted sites and in the reference sites during two field trips in 2011 and 2012. Spearman correlations established significant negative relationships (p <0.05) between total petroleum hydrocarbons and Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT index), Trichoptera, and Elmidae family taxa. An inverse relationship was established between the SIGNAL2 index and total petroleum hydrocarbons. A multiple response permutation procedure (MRPP) determined a difference between the macroinvertebrate communities of reference and the impacted stations in 2011, and between the macroinvertebrate communities of reference stations 2011 and stations impacted in 2012. Non-metric multidimensional scaling involved using three dimensions, in which axis two was better related to total petroleum hydrocarbons (r = 0.45). These results suggest that factors other than total petroleum hydrocarbons are responsible for the heterogeneous composition of the macroinvertebrate communities.

RESUMO: A conservação do haylage (alimento pré-seco) pode ser desafiadora, considerando o aumento do risco de crescimento de fungos, com consequente produção de micotoxinas. Entretanto, quando a qualidade da higiene e armazenamento é assegurada, o haylage aumenta a palatabilidade da forragem e fornece suplemento de matéria seca suficiente ao longo do ano. Devido à falta de informação relativa aos efeitos dessa alimentação nos parâmetros sanguíneos de equinos alimentados exclusivamente com essa dieta, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo dos equinos após administração da haylage em comparação com feno. Doze matrizes Quarto de Milha foram distribuídas em dois grupos, cada um recebendo feno ou haylage de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) por um período de 28 dias. O perfil bioquímico foi realizado em cinco tempos (T) diferentes (T0, antes do início do experimento e cronologicamente, a cada sete dias após o fornecimento das dietas - T1, T2, T3 e T4) para análise de proteína total (PT) e seu perfil fracionado, das enzimas alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, γ-glutamil-transferase, dos produtos de catabolismo creatinina e ureia e, dos íons cálcio e fósforo. Micotoxinas no haylage foram investigadas e mantiveram-se abaixo dos limites determinados pela legislação brasileira. O perfil bioquímico revelou, somente, elevação da PT em T4 no grupo que recebeu haylage, o que pode estar relacionado à sua maior digestibilidade proteica. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nos outros parâmetros estudados em ambos os grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que Haylage é comprovadamente seguro, quando bem preparado para equinos, sem causar efeitos na saúde geral, conforme demonstrado pelos exames bioquímicos no presente estudo.

ABSTRACT: The conservation of haylage (a pre-dried feed) can be challenging, since there is an increased risk of mould growth, which can contaminate this foodstuff with mycotoxins. However, when the hygienic quality is secured, haylage enhances grass palatability and provide enough supply of dry matter throughout the year. Due to the lack of information regarding its effect on blood parameters in horses fed exclusively with this foodstuff, the aim of this study is to provide information regarding its use in comparison to hay and ensure that it does not affect horses’ biochemical profile. Twelve Quarter Horse broodmares were distributed into two groups, each fed with Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) hay or haylage for a period of 28 days, and the biochemical profile was done in five different times (T0 before the experiment started and, chronologically, seven days apart - T1, T2, T3 and T4), It was analyzed total protein (TP) and its fractioning; enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl-transferase; endogenous catabolism products urea and creatinine; and ions calcium and phosphorus. Mycotoxins in haylage were also investigated and remained below the legislation thresholds. Only TP was higher in the last sampling (T4) of the haylage group, which may be related to the foodstuff’s higher protein digestibility. No differences were observed between serum enzymes, urea, creatinine and Ca/P from both experimental groups. Haylage has proven to be safe, when well prepared for horses, without causing impairing side effects, as shown by the normal serum biochemistry parameters presented in this study.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as características clínicas de pacientes adultos com infecção respiratória aguda grave (SARI) associada ao vírus da influenza e analisar os subtipos virais identificados em amostras coletadas destes pacientes, os recursos hospitalares empregados no tratamento clínico, a evolução clínica e os fatores de risco clínicos associados a um desfecho fatal, a partir de dados observacionais da rede de vigilância de SARI (SARInet) no Chile. Métodos Foram identificados os adultos hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza em um hospital-sentinela de vigilância de SARI, em Santiago, de 1o de julho de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2015. A ocorrência de influenza foi confirmada em amostras respiratórias em todos os casos com a reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa (RT-RCP). Resultados Ao todo, 221 pacientes (idade média de 74,1 anos) foram hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza no período de estudo. Nesta coorte, 91,4% apresentavam fatores de risco para complicação e 34,3% haviam sido vacinados na última campanha de vacinação. Pneumonia foi a manifestação clínica mais frequente, ocorrendo em 57,0% da coorte. Outras manifestações foram doença gripal, bronquite crônica exacerbada, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada e crise asmática. Os casos estiveram distribuídos ao longo do ano, com pico epidêmico no outono–inverno. Houve circulação simultânea dos vírus da influenza A (H1N1pdm09 e H3N2) e B. Leitos de terapia intensiva foram necessários em 26,7% da coorte e suporte ventilatório, em 19,5%. Na análise multivariada, quatro fatores importantes associados à mortalidade hospitalar foram identificados: estar restrito ao leito (odds ratio ajustado [ORaj] 22.3; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 3.0–164); ser admitido na unidade de terapia intensiva (ORaj 8.9, IC 95% 1.4 4–55); relação Pa02/Fi02 <250 (ORaj 5.8; IC 95% 1.02–33) e aumento da creatinina sérica (>1 mg/dl) (ORaj 5.47; IC 95% 1.20–24). A vacinação sazonal contra influenza foi identificada como importante fator de proteção (ORaj 0.14; IC 95% 0.021–0.90). Conclusões A SARI associada a influenza acometeu sobretudo pacientes idosos com doenças preexistentes. A maioria dos pacientes evoluiu com insuficiência respiratória e mais de um quarto precisou de cuidados intensivos. O quadro clínico foi variável. Morte foi associada às características do hospedeiro e problemas relacionados à doença. A vacinação teve efeito protetor e o tipo viral não influiu no desfecho.

ABSTRACT Objective To 1) describe clinical characteristics of adult patients in Chile with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) associated with influenza viruses, and 2) analyze virus subtypes identified in specimens collected from those patients, hospital resources used in clinical management, clinical evolution, and risk factors associated with a fatal outcome, using observational data from the SARI surveillance network (SARInet). Methods Adults hospitalized from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2015 with influenza-associated SARI at a SARI sentinel surveillance hospital in Santiago were identified and the presence of influenza in all cases confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using respiratory samples. Results A total of 221 patients (mean age: 74.1 years) were hospitalized with influenza-associated SARI during the study period. Of this study cohort, 91.4% had risk factors for complications and 34.3% had been vaccinated during the most recent campaign. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation, occurring in 57.0% of the cohort; other manifestations included influenza-like illness, exacerbated chronic bronchitis, decompensated heart failure, and asthmatic crisis. Cases occurred year-round, with an epidemic peak during autumn–winter. Both influenza A (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2) and B virus co-circulated. Critical care beds were required for 26.7% of the cohort, and 19.5% needed ventilatory assistance. Multivariate analysis identified four significant factors associated with in-hospital mortality: 1) being bedridden (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 22.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0–164); 2) admission to critical care unit (aOR: 8.9; CI: 1.44–55); 3) Pa02/Fi02 ratio < 250 (aOR: 5.8; CI: 1.02–33); and 4) increased serum creatinine concentration (> 1 mg/dL) (aOR: 5.47; CI: 1.20–24). Seasonal influenza vaccine was identified as a significant protective factor (aOR: 0.14; CI: 0.021–0.90). Conclusions Influenza-associated SARI affected mainly elderly patients with underlying conditions. Most patients evolved to respiratory failure and more than one-quarter required critical care beds. Clinical presentation was variable. Death was associated with host characteristics and disease-associated conditions, and vaccine was protective. Virus type did not influence outcome.

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Resumen El pargo mancha Lutjanus guttatus es una de las especies de peces de mayor importancia comercial capturada en el Golfo de Nicoya, que desde hace muchos años ha venido sufriendo una fuerte presión pesquera, principalmente, por la flota artesanal. De abril del 2015 a abril del 2016, se analizaron 1109 especímenes, con el fin de conocer algunos aspectos biológico pesqueros de la población que se que se distribuye en el Área Marina de Pesca Responsable Paquera-Tambor en este golfo. La relación longitud total-peso total indica que esta especie posee un crecimiento alométrico negativo; tal población está conformada por cuatro cohortes. La talla media de primera madurez sexual se estimó en 30 cm de longitud total y se determinaron dos periodos máximos de reproducción: el primero de mayo a agosto y el segundo de octubre a noviembre. Los parámetros de crecimiento estimados fueron L∞ = 65 cm de longitud total, K = 0,32 anual y to = -0,42. Las tasas de mortalidad estimadas fueron M = 0,68, F = 2,38; Z = 3,06 y E = 0,77, indicando esta última que la población se encuentra sobreexplotada. Los análisis de hábitos alimenticios sugieren que esta población es generalista con preferencias por crustáceos y peces.

Resumo O pargo vermelho Lutjanus guttatus é uma das espécies de peixes de maior importância comercial capturada no Golfo de Nicoya, que há muitos anos tem sofrido uma forte pressão pesqueira, principalmente, pela frota artesanal. De abril de 2015 até abril de 2016, foram analisadas 1109 espécies, com a finalidade de conhecer alguns aspectos biológico-pesqueiros da população distribuída na Área Marinha de Pesca Responsável Paquera-Tambor neste golfo. A relação longitude total-peso total indica que esta espécie possui um crescimento alométrico negativo; tal população está conformada por quatro coortes. O tamanho médio da primeira maturidade sexual calculou-se em 30 cm de longitude total e foram determinados dois períodos máximos de reprodução: o primeiro de maio a agosto e o segundo de outubro a novembro. Os parâmetros de crescimento calculados foram L∞ = 65 cm de longitude total, K = 0.32 anual e to = -0.42. As taxas de mortalidade calculadas foram M = 0.68, F = 2.38; Z = 3.06 e E = 0.77, sendo que esta última indica que a população se encontra sobre-explorada. As análises de hábitos alimentares sugerem que esta população é generalista com predileção por crustáceos e peixes.

Abstract Spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) is one of the most important commercial fish species caught in the Gulf of Nicoya; as a consequence, it has for many years been under heavy fishing pressure, mainly from a fleet of artisanal fishermen. From April 2015 to April 2016, a total of 1,109 specimens were analyzed to learn more about biological aspects and population dynamics of the stock distributed in the Paquera-Tambor Marine Area for Responsible Fishing (Paquera-Tambor MARF). Data gathered on the total length-weight relationship of the individuals in the sample showed that this species has negative allometric growth, and that the population consists of four cohorts. Mean size at first sexual maturity was estimated at 30 cm total length, and two maximum reproduction periods were estimated, the first from May to August, and the second from October to November. The estimated growth parameters were L∞ = 65 cm total length, K = 0.32 annually, and t0 = -0.42. Mortality rates were estimated to be M = 0.68; F = 2.38; and Z = 3.06. The exploitation rate (E = 0.77) shows that the population is over-exploited. Stomach content analysis suggests that the population is made up of generalist feeders with preferences for crustaceans and fish.

Resumen Se estudió la estructura y la diversidad vegetal de cinco localidades en el Chocó biogeográfico para determinar los patrones altitudinales de la vegetación leñosa y evaluar el efecto de los parámetros climáticos. En cada localidad se muestrearon diez parcelas de 50 x 2m, y se incluyeron todos los individuos con un diámetro a la altura del pecho de 2,5 cm o mayor. Además, se tuvieron en cuenta los datos de siete localidades del Chocó biogeográfico muestreadas con el mismo método. Las familias Arecaceae, Rubiaceae y Melastomataceae fueron las más ricas y abundantes, con los más altos índices de valor de importancia. La diversidad alfa fue más alta en las elevaciones bajas y menor en la zona más alta. Al agregar las otras localidades, el patrón altitudinal de riqueza disminuyó al aumentar la altitud. La riqueza de las plantas tuvo una acusada relación lineal con la temperatura, y una relación logarítmica con la precipitación, de tal manera que las zonas del Chocó biogeográfico con una temperatura y humedad relativa más altas presentaron mayor riqueza, aunque la precipitación podría alcanzar un punto de saturación, limitando así el aumento de la diversidad de plantas.

Abstract In order to identify altitudinal patterns of woody plant diversity in the biogeographical region of Chocó and to evaluate the effect of climatic parameters on these, we studied the structure and plant diversity of five localities. In each locality, we sampled ten subplots of 50 x 2m including all individuals with a diameter at breast height of ≥ 2.5 cm. Additionally, we considered the data from seven biogeographic Chocó localities sampled with the same method. Arecaceae, Rubiaceae and Melastomataceae families dominated in richness and abundance, with the highest importance value indexes. Alpha diversity was higher at low elevations and lower at higher elevations. When adding the other localities, the altitudinal pattern of richness decreased with increasing altitude. The richness of plants had a strong linear relationship with temperature and a logarithmic relationship with precipitation. In this sense, the greatest richness was registered in the areas of the biogeographic Chocó with a higher temperature and relative humidity, although precipitation could reach a saturation point where the increase of plant diversity would be limited.

ABSTRACT Due to the long times required to investigate atmospheric corrosion resistance of metals, data on the subject is scarce. One of these studies is the one made by Southwell et al., where the effect of corrosion in a cast gray iron during 16 years was studied in various environments. This research shows and discusses the behavior of cast gray iron when subject to an accelerated corrosion test, which involves wetting in a salt spray chamber, washing and drying cycles during 40 days. Furthermore, samples were submerged in sea water, both natural and UV-sterilized. A direct relationship amongst the presence of bacteria and an increase of surface roughness was found when subject to these conditions during 14 days. Results show that the cast gray iron shows a bimodal behavior, like the observations reported by Melchers on low-alloy steels and the research by Southwell.et al. As described by Melchers, this behavior generates an inflection point in the evolution of corrosion influenced by the presence of bacteria on the metal/corrosion-products interphase. This is validated observing evidence of bacterial activity identifying the presence of sulphur on the corrosion products by EDS after the accelerated corrosion tests. As observed, accelerated corrosion testing can simulate in a short period the conditions under which marine atmospheric corrosion takes place on cast gray iron during years, including the evidence of bacterial activity.

RESUMEN Debido a los extensos tiempos que conllevan los estudios relativos a resistencia a la corrosión atmosférica, estos datos son escasos. Uno de estos, es el realizado por Southwell et al., en el que se estudió el efecto de la corrosión durante 16 años para una fundición gris en una diversidad de ambientes. El presente trabajo expone y discute los resultados obtenidos tras someter a una fundición gris a un ensayo de corrosión acelerada, que involucra ciclos de humectación en cámara de niebla, lavado y secado, durante 40 días. Además, se ha realizado una experiencia en la que se sumergieron muestras de fundición gris en agua de mar natural y agua de mar esterilizada con UV, encontrando una relación directa entre la presencia de bacterias y un aumento en la rugosidad superficial de las muestras expuestas a estas soluciones durante 14 días. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que la fundición gris presenta un comportamiento bimodal, que es concordante con lo descrito por Melchers para aceros de baja aleación y con la investigación desarrollada por Southwell et al. Este comportamiento bimodal, según Melchers et al. genera un punto de inflexión en el avance de la corrosión, influenciado por bacterias en la interfase metal-productos de corrosión. Esto último, se valida evidenciando actividad bacteriana tras identificar presencia de Azufre, mediante EDS, en los productos de corrosión desarrollados tras la exposición al ensayo de corrosión acelerada. Finalmente se puede comentar que en pocas semanas y empleando un ensayo de corrosión acelerada es posible replicar las condiciones bajo las que se realiza corrosión atmosférica marina durante años, para una fundición gris, incluso evidenciando actividad bacteriana.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 combinations of salinity and temperature on larval growth of Litopenaeus vannamei, starting in nauplius V (NV) and ending at postlarva (PL1), a process which lasted seven days. The results show that the larvae have greater length and weight at temperatures of 30 to 35°C in combination with salinities between 25 and 35. In conclusion, salinity and temperature are important factors to consider for the production of larvae of L. vannamei.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer orientadores pedagógicos en torno a la educación para el emprendimiento en básica primaria, basados en un análisis sobre su articulación en el ámbito educativo mediante programas orientados a formar este tipo de competencias. En el análisis se identifican los aspectos a tener en cuenta para desarrollar propuestas dirigidas a la construcción de competencias emprendedoras en niños y niñas de básica primaria. Los hallazgos resaltan que el emprendimiento implica la transformación de ideas en acción, que van más allá de la empresarialidad. Asimismo, se destaca que los retos actuales apuntan a la construcción de actitudes y habilidades que fomenten la disposición a emprender, en función del abordaje de problemáticas sociales y medioambientales, en un proceso que involucra la participación de docentes, estudiantes y padres de familia, y la evaluación como componente transversal del mismo.

Abstract This work aims to propose pedagogical guidelines for education for entre-preneurship, based on the entrepreneurship concept and its articulation with the educational field through programs oriented to develop entrepreneurial competences. This analysis allows identifying the aspects to be taken into account when designing formal proposals for entrepreneurial education by building entrepreneurial skills in primary school children. The findings point at emphasizing that entrepreneurship involves the transformation of ideas into action, which go beyond new venture creation. Likewise, this study highlights that today's challenges require the development of attitudes and skills that foster the willingness to be an entrepreneur, with special interest on social and environmental issues in a process that involves the participation of teachers, students, parents, and which contemplates evaluation as a cross-sectional component.

Resumen El filo Cnidaria incluye organismos considerados dentro de los más venenosos en la naturaleza. Más específicamente, alrededor de 32 especies de anémonas marinas han sido reportadas como productoras de péptidos y proteínas citolíticas. Este estudio fue llevado a cabo para evaluar la actividad hemolítica del extracto crudo de la anémona marina Aiptasia pallida en Costa Rica. El material biológico fue colectado, triturado, homogenizado y posteriormente centrifugado para la obtención del extracto crudo. El mismo fue caracterizado a través de una evaluación de su actividad hemolítica (HA) con glóbulos rojos de sangre humana (RBC). Interesantemente, los resultados de HA no mostraron rompimiento de los eritrocitos, sin embargo hubo un incremento de la absorbancia en función del tiempo. El extracto crudo reveló la existencia de una banda de proteína alrededor de 30 kDa por SDS-PAGE, no se encontró banda características de actinoporinas en A. pallida. Estos resultados podrían estar asociados con una concentración sub-lítica de otra familia de proteínas las cuales alteran el equilibrio osmótico y cambian el volumen de las células, sin un efecto letal a las concentraciones ensayadas.

Abstract The Cnidaria phylum includes organisms that are among the most venomous animals. More than 32 species of sea anemones have been reported to produce lethal cytolytic peptides and proteins. This study was designed to evaluate the hemolytic activity on the crude extract of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida. The anemone was collected, minced, homogenized and then centrifuged. Functional characterization of the crude extract was evaluated by hemolytic activity (HA) against human red blood cells. Interestingly, the HA results showed no lysis of the cells, but absorbance increased in function of time. The crude extract revealed the existence of proteins band around 30 kDa by SDS-PAGE, no actinoporin band was found in A. pallida. These results could be associated with a sub-lytic concentration of other protein family which is altering osmotic equilibrium and changing cells volume, with no lethal effect at the concentrations tested.